Pros and cons of different fuels in your decarbonization journey

gears on a green background

Diesel is the fuel of choice for a range of products including generator sets and engines used in marine, rail and construction and mining equipment, but there are alternatives. With concerns about the climate rising, businesses, shareholders and lawmakers are looking at replacement options for diesel in vehicles and power generation applications. Emission reductions across alternative fuels should also be considered when making a selection.

Diesel – why has it been popular and what has changed?

Diesel has been the fuel of choice for decades, with good reason. It is relatively cheap, widely available and performs well. Diesel engines just keep on going, with little maintenance. Refueling is easy as the infrastructure has been in place a long time and is universally available. However, diesel is a fossil fuel made from crude oil and, when burned, releases greenhouse gases.

Tailpipe emissions also include NOx and particulates, which can negatively affect air quality. As such, regulations on the use of diesel are tightening in countries around the world.

Renewable diesel, advantages and disadvantages 

Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), or ‘renewable diesel’, is made from vegetable oils and animal fats and oils. It can be used in select diesel engines without modification, and used as a ‘drop-in’ replacement for diesel, it performs equally well. Net CO₂ emissions for HVO are typically 70% lower than diesel, depending on how the fuel is produced and distributed, as the renewable feedstock seed to make HVO absorbs carbon when growing. Tailpipe emissions are also cleaner than those from diesel. HVO, however, remains more expensive than diesel, particularly where there are no government subsidies and incentives. Additionally, the use of HVO is limited by the availability of feedstock.

Biodiesel and a closer look at blends that can be advantageous

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel made by esterifying fats such as vegetable oil, animal fats or used cooking oil – the same feedstock that can also be used to produce HVO. It is most often blended with diesel to reduce net CO₂ and other polluting emissions. Blends with varying proportions of biodiesel are available. B20 blends, which contain 20% of biodiesel is a common blend which advantageously balances cost and emissions, and can generally be used in engines with no modifications. Higher blends are less commonly used directly as a transportation fuel because they require engine modifications, can cause material compatibility issues, and present certain storage difficulties. 

Natural gas – why is it the most widely used alternative fuel?

Natural gas has been used as a fuel in vehicles for decades. Today it is the most widely used alternative fuel. Natural gas vehicles perform as well as diesel vehicles, but often with lower CO₂ and emissions such as NOx and particulates. Natural gas is either stored on board in liquid (LNG) or compressed (CNG) form. The choice depends on the infrastructure. In areas where natural gas infrastructure exists, or where it makes sense to install it, say, for a fleet of vehicles travelling in a local area, it can be a sound economic and environmental choice. 

Renewable natural gas usage in your decarbonization journey

Renewable natural gas is obtained from biogas, a methane-rich gas resulting from the fermentation of organic waste such as cow manure, sewage sludge or landfill organics. Renewable natural gas can allow engines to effectively reach carbon-neutrality. In some cases, such as when biogas is a by-product of naturally occurring fermentation and would be released into the atmosphere if not for its use as a fuel, renewable natural gas can even be a carbon-negative fuel. Adequately processed, renewable natural gas is nearly indistinguishable from natural gas. It can be used in any natural gas vehicles and in many industrial applications, such as power generation. 

Natural gas and hydrogen blends – benefits and challenges 

Green hydrogen can be blended with natural gas and injected into a natural gas pipeline. This automatically reduces the carbon intensity of all natural gas applications served by the pipeline. Using pipeline systems to distribute fuel blends that include hydrogen is not new and, for example, has been practiced for years on the island of Oahu in Hawaii (U.S.).

Gas utilities all over the world are assessing the feasibility of blending green hydrogen into their distribution systems. Various pilot schemes plan to introduce renewably produced hydrogen into natural gas pipelines, replacing up to 20% of natural gas content by volume in distribution systems. The advantage is an immediate reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. However, higher concentrations of hydrogen are thought to bring multiple challenges in terms of the fuel's effect on infrastructure and gas appliances.

Green hydrogen and why it could be the green energy carrier of the future 

Green hydrogen, or hydrogen made using renewable energy, may be the green energy carrier of the future. Green hydrogen can function as a source for both fuel cell electric vehicles and vehicles equipped with an internal combustion engine, specially modified for hydrogen. When powered by green hydrogen, a fuel cell coupled with an electric motor is often more efficient than an internal combustion engine running on gasoline.

Personal vehicles running on hydrogen have been available for years, yet have not received mainstream appeal. Meanwhile, with increasing renewable energy sources and the rolling out of hydrogen refueling stations, particularly in California (U.S.), hydrogen may make a lot more sense for heavy-duty commercial vehicles. This is why Cummins Inc. is currently developing a 15-liter and a 6.7-liter hydrogen engine.

Methanol; a fuel to be considered in your decarbonization journey  

Methanol, also known as wood alcohol, is a promising energy carrier that is today primarily derived from natural gas. Methanol is rarely made from green hydrogen today however this is predicted to change in the near future.  

Unlike hydrogen, methanol is a liquid at ambient temperature, making it easier to store and handle. It can be readily synthetized from hydrogen using well-known industrial processes. Methanol is a high-octane fuel which, in the right engine, can match the performance of a diesel fuel. It can be used in a variety of applications, including as a fuel for internal combustion engines. In fact, methanol is a performance fuel that has been used for decades in racing vehicles such as Indy cars and monster trucks. Primarily for safety reasons-methanol fires are easier to extinguish and burn without smoke.

Ammonia and green ammonia – how to they compare to other alternative fuels?

Like methanol, ammonia is another energy carrier that can be manufactured from green hydrogen. Being a liquid, it is easier to store and to transport by road, rail or vessel than gaseous hydrogen. However, it is toxic to humans, and creates NOx emissions during combustion, but advocates are confident these challenges can be managed with additional equipment and safety measures. 

Green ammonia is a promising substitute for ammonia obtained by traditional means in industrial applications such as manufacturing of fertilizer. Green ammonia can also be used to power internal combustion engines, although it is best suited for very large engines such as those used for marine propulsion. However, the supply chain for green ammonia is not yet sufficiently mature for widescale adoption. While ammonia is much easier to store than hydrogen, it has a significantly lower energy density than diesel fuel. This requires larger fuel tanks than a comparable diesel engine would use. It is important to remember that the state of adoption among alternative fuels can vary

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Cummins, a global power technology leader, is a corporation of complementary business segments that design, manufacture, distribute and service a broad portfolio of power solutions. The company's products range from internal combustion, electric and hybrid integrated power solutions and components including filtration, aftertreatment, turbochargers, fuel systems, controls systems, air handling systems, automated transmissions, electric power generation systems, microgrid controls, batteries, electrolyzers and fuel cell products.

STEM Project Unites Children in the UK and Uzbekistan

Zoom call with West Park School and the Children's Home

If you ever doubted the ability of young minds to grasp what many adults would consider complex concepts, then you'll be amazed by the achievements of two groups of young children - one in a school in northern England, and the other 4,000 miles away in an orphanage in Uzbekistan.

With the support of Cummins, children ranging from six to twelve years of age have managed to bridge the language, culture, and time divide. They are collaborating with great success on building a basic electric racing car.

The story begins with a visit by Cummins to Rudmash Export Service, which has been representing Cummins in Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan, since 2018.

Rudmash has an impressive list of clients in mining, construction, gas, and power generation.

It is also a highly respected supporter of community initiatives, a key focus for Cummins.

During the visit, Amit Kumar, Cummins' Technical Territory Manager for the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) region, mentioned the work he was doing with local schools involving the Greenpower Education Trust in the UK.

Amit suggested that Rudmash might consider introducing local children to the fantastic learning opportunity that comes from building an electric car.

The Rudmash executive team loved the idea and reached out to their friends at the local orphanage (Children’s Home 22), about the proposed connection with children from West Park Academy – a primary school near Cummins' manufacturing plant in Darlington, England.

Students at the Children's Home working on the car
The children from Children's Home 22 building the car

Speaking through a translator, Rudmash Sales Manager Mr. Mavlonberdi Akhmedov said there was no hesitation from the orphanage. "Everyone was excited about it," he said. "When we showed them pictures of the car, the children's eyes lit up with interest.

"The only issue we encountered was not being able to involve the older children, but I think Amit has something in his mind for them. It will involve a similar collaboration with a UK school on a larger electric car that they can fit in!"

Over in Darlington, teacher Mr. David Fraser and his group of 9 to 11-year-olds were thrilled at the prospect of working with children from another country.

Students from West Park Academy
The children from West Park Academy

"Before our first session, I showed the children a map of Uzbekistan and explained how the time zones worked," Mr. Fraser said. "Tashkent is four hours ahead of us."

"When they started hearing a different language, they were a little hesitant although still excited. However, towards the end, once they got used to the translation pauses, lots of questions were being asked."

"They adapted very quickly, and every session with the orphanage has become more engaging. The children have greatly benefited from the relationship. It's been a great learning experience."

The car involved in the project is called the Greenpower Goblin G2. It comes as a flat-pack kit including chassis, wheels, steering, disc brakes, a 24V electric motor, and two 12V batteries.

Students at West Park Academy working on the car
The children from West Park Academy building the car

"The project is all about inspiring young children to take an interest in engineering in a fun and innovative way," said Amit Kumar, who earlier this year received special recognition at the North-East England STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) Awards for his years of dedication to STEM Education.

"The build introduces children to basic mechanics and electronics and might be the first step on the pathway to a career in engineering or another STEM field.

Mr. Fraser said the children soon started discussing aspects of the car such as frames, brakes, and steering geometry. There was a lively question-and-answer session on different materials that could be used to design and make the car's body. Their last session was about controls and driving.

"There are also other general discussions, as the children are eager to learn more about each other's countries," said Amit, who leads the sessions.

Students at the Children's Home looking at the car drawing
The children from Children's Home 22 talking about a drawing while on a zoom call

Rudmash service engineer Mr. Abdullayev Shakhzod said the children were enjoying the experience of working in teams.

"It's a fantastic new chapter in the history of a place that has a storied past. It was established in 1942 during the Second World War to care for evacuees from all over Eastern Europe. Children of over 40 different nationalities have been cared for by this children's home.

"The home is named Antonina Pavlovna Khlebushkina after the woman who ran it in the early days. She would be so proud of what is happening there today.

"As the summer vacation times differ in the two countries, the West Park school children have already finished building their cars, while the Uzbekistan car is about 40% complete.

"When the children return from their summer camp in September, they will start the rear axle, motor, and electrical components. Then they can take it for a drive," Amit said.

"Just before their summer term ended, the West Park children conducted a demonstration for their new friends in Tashkent. They set up a track and showcased driving the car on it. It was a great success."

Mr. Akhmedov, speaking through a translator, mentioned that the management team at Rudmash was considering how the project could expand beyond the children's home and into schools and youth organizations throughout Uzbekistan.

Mr. Akhmedov praised Cummins for their support of the project. "They have shown great responsibility at every stage and been very proactive, always striving to ensure things are done right.

"This is just the beginning for these children. It's already motivating them to learn more and develop their skills in broader technical applications.

"I would say that this project is not only important for the children's home but also for our city of Tashkent and the Republic of Uzbekistan, as it is nurturing an educational culture that is highly valuable. I can't thank Amit and Cummins enough."

Amit expressed that it's a privilege to help Cummins inspire young people about engineering and science from an early age.

How is the United States investing in clean energy?

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Our planet is facing a dire crisis: carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere continue to soar above record highs. If gone unaddressed, the collective stress of climate change will produce an irreparable impact. Our health, energy, water, and food ecosystems are at risk. 

As it stands, there are many long-term effects of climate change. In North America, climate change is forecasted to cause decreasing snowpack in the western mountains. It will also lead to a 5–20% increase in yields of rain-fed agriculture and great intensity of heat waves. In fact, over the last five years, the United States has incurred roughly $120 billion a year in damages as a result of natural disasters caused by extreme weather and climate events.

Beyond natural catastrophes, climatic risks to the United States will have a cascading effect on the country's interconnected ecosystems. Reduced labor and overall economic productivity, and altered crop yields, will disproportionately harm lower-income and marginalized populations. These groups lack the resources to prepare or cope with extreme weather and climate events.

The world is investing in clean energy innovation

Combating the intensifying climate crisis requires a strategic combination of research and development (R&D), innovation, technology — and bold attempts.

Around the globe, countries are investing in clean energy to contribute to a livable planet now and for generations to come. In 2022, the US passed the Inflation Reduction Act, which includes a historic $370 billion investment to address the climate crisis. The Inflation Reduction Act provides tax credits and incentives to power homes, businesses, and communities with clean energy by 2030. The Act will increase investments in the fastest-growing power generation technologies, solar and wind. It will also advance cost-saving clean energy projects and protect two million acres of national forests. These initiatives are in addition to substantial tax credits and rebates offered to families and businesses in the United States.
Consequently, a stronger clean energy economy will contribute to overall economic growth and competition. As a result, there will be millions of new well-paying jobs for Americans to make clean energy.

It is possible to start decarbonizing now

Governmental policy strategies and investments in decarbonization technologies are part of the solution to produce increasingly cheap, dependable, and clean energy.

Strong communities and vibrant economies depend on a healthier planet. As a global power technology leader, Cummins is in a unique position to power customer success by leading during this energy transition. We intent to do so by providing customers with the right technology at the right time, understanding of their needs and applications.

We think of this journey to carbon neutrality in two distinct and complementary ways. First, by innovating zero-emission solutions and introducing them in markets and applications where the infrastructure, development and deployment are ready. Secondly, by advancing internal combustion engines through efficiency improvement and by running them on cleaner alternative fuels for a well-to-wheels solution.

Through Destination Zero, we are advancing low- and no-carbon platforms. This includes diesel and natural gas engines, hybrid, and electric platforms, as well as powertrain components, controls, and related technologies.

Join Cummins in powering a better tomorrow

Cummins environmental sustainability strategy includes goals timed for 2030. Progress toward the reduction of carbon emissions from company plants and facilities — in addition to our products — is in full swing. For more than one hundred years, we have brought technological solutions to market. As a power solutions leader, we will continue to power a more prosperous world for today and tomorrow. Are you ready to consider investing in new power solutions?

Traci Kraus headshot

Traci Kraus

Traci Kraus is a Director of Government Relations where she leads US federal advocacy for Cummins. She focuses on energy, climate, hydrogen, transportation and budget legislative and regulatory issues. 

Prior to joining Cummins, Traci worked for former U.S. Senator Russ Feingold.  She has a Master's in Public Administration from the George Washington University and B.A.s in Government and Politics and Communication from the University of Maryland in College Park. She is originally from Chicago, and now lives outside of Washington, D.C. with her husband, Aaron and two children Liam (8) and Sloane (5).

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