Data centers are reducing their NOx emissions

data center

Data centers play a vital role in everyday life by ensuring we have uninterrupted access to information. They are on the rise globally, and with that comes increased focus on the environment and air quality. 

As the industry strives for sustainable operations and cleaner air, both carbon and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions are being reduced. Regulations are playing a major role in this shift, especially when it comes to NOx emissions. 

Where do NOx emissions come from for data centers?

NOx emissions from data centers primarily come from the combustion processes of their boilers and backup generators (gensets). As the heart of a data center's power backup system, gensets play a critical role in maintaining a data center’s smooth operation. However, when they burn fuel – whether it's diesel, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) or another fuel – NOx emissions are released. 

The combustion process in boilers used for climate control in data centers also produces NOx emissions. These systems provide necessary cooling to prevent overheating of equipment, and heating during colder months. While these sources of NOx are part of key in data center operations, the industry is implementing strategies to manage and reduce these emissions. 

Understanding NOx standards and regulations for data center gensets    

Data centers are becoming more sustainable by proactively reducing their carbon and NOx emissions from gensets use. Data centers are getting ahead of some of the most stringent air permitting regulations, which may vary depending on their location. For instance, local authorities may impose stricter regulations for standby gensets than the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the European Union.

In North America, the EPA has specific stationary engine designations which determine the NOx emissions regulations a genset must comply with. For instance, standby or "emergency" gensets are subject to Tier 2 emission requirements. Standby gensets only run during power failures and regular site maintenance testing. For large data centers classified as major sources of NOx emissions, regulators can impose expensive monitoring requirements, with the ceiling for NOx emissions commonly set at 100 tons per year. There is also a growing number of air quality districts imposing lower limits on data centers.

On the other hand, "non-emergency" gensets must meet stricter Tier 4 emissions requirements. These gensets run in place of or in addition to power from an electricity provider. A Tier 4 certified product also requires gensets to shut down if aftertreatment system issues are sensed.

Beyond North America, requirements may vary globally. Although most regions have similar requirements to Tier 2 and Tier 4, the NOx calculation methodologies may differ. This makes it difficult to directly translate emissions performance between the different standards. 

When navigating NOx emissions compliance, data center operators need to be mindful of a few values. 

While genset manufacturers provide a nominal value of NOx emissions based on lab testing, some regulations require specific NOx values derived from actual site conditions. To guarantee compliance, it's important to consider data center's unique operating environment and choose a genset that meets their requirements. 

How are data centers reducing NOx emissions? 

  
What options do data centers have to significantly decrease their NOx emissions? 

  • By adopting low NOx engine technology: Engine designs have come a long way in terms of power density and fuel consumption. They now meet the stringent EPA Tier 2 requirements. However, as NOx emissions regulations have become stricter, manufacturers are developing low NOx emissions solutions. It is important to always consult the genset manufacturer to best understand these options.
  • By installing further exhaust aftertreatment systems: Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems can reduce NOx emissions by 90 percent or more. This results in a Tier 4 compliant system that is integrated into the packaged generator set system. The process involves adding a reducing agent, typically ammonia-based, to the exhaust stream. This reacts with the catalyst, converting the NOx into nitrogen and water. There are two harmless substances, which are then released into the atmosphere.
  • By transitioning to cleaner technologies and fuels: Data Centers haven’t adopted natural gas widely due to fuel infrastructure challenges, but there is a growing interest in it due to grid constraints and its ability to reduce NOx.  HVO is a promising carbon-reducing diesel alternative, yet it still produces NOx when burned. Increasingly more data centers are exploring new technologies like batteries, fuel cells, and hydrogen combustion engines. These technologies aim to reduce overall emissions of data centers while providing the same level of reliability that diesel generator sets have provided for decades. 

Partner with Cummins Inc. to continue reducing NOx emissions

Reducing NOx emissions is essential in the journey toward sustainable data center operations. Low NOx emissions engine technology, exhaust aftertreatment options, and cleaner fuels can help data centers to continue reducing NOx emissions and helping the environment.

At Cummins, we're committed to helping data centers reach their sustainability targets. Our advanced gensets and dedicated expertise support this journey, while still ensuring top performance and smooth operations. Connect with your local Cummins sales office today to learn more about how to partner with us to achieve your environmental goals.

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Cummins, a global power technology leader, is a corporation of complementary business segments that design, manufacture, distribute and service a broad portfolio of power solutions. The company's products range from internal combustion, electric and hybrid integrated power solutions and components including filtration, aftertreatment, turbochargers, fuel systems, controls systems, air handling systems, automated transmissions, electric power generation systems, microgrid controls, batteries, electrolyzers and fuel cell products.

STEM Project Unites Children in the UK and Uzbekistan

Zoom call with West Park School and the Children's Home

If you ever doubted the ability of young minds to grasp what many adults would consider complex concepts, then you'll be amazed by the achievements of two groups of young children - one in a school in northern England, and the other 4,000 miles away in an orphanage in Uzbekistan.

With the support of Cummins, children ranging from six to twelve years of age have managed to bridge the language, culture, and time divide. They are collaborating with great success on building a basic electric racing car.

The story begins with a visit by Cummins to Rudmash Export Service, which has been representing Cummins in Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan, since 2018.

Rudmash has an impressive list of clients in mining, construction, gas, and power generation.

It is also a highly respected supporter of community initiatives, a key focus for Cummins.

During the visit, Amit Kumar, Cummins' Technical Territory Manager for the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) region, mentioned the work he was doing with local schools involving the Greenpower Education Trust in the UK.

Amit suggested that Rudmash might consider introducing local children to the fantastic learning opportunity that comes from building an electric car.

The Rudmash executive team loved the idea and reached out to their friends at the local orphanage (Children’s Home 22), about the proposed connection with children from West Park Academy – a primary school near Cummins' manufacturing plant in Darlington, England.

Students at the Children's Home working on the car
The children from Children's Home 22 building the car

Speaking through a translator, Rudmash Sales Manager Mr. Mavlonberdi Akhmedov said there was no hesitation from the orphanage. "Everyone was excited about it," he said. "When we showed them pictures of the car, the children's eyes lit up with interest.

"The only issue we encountered was not being able to involve the older children, but I think Amit has something in his mind for them. It will involve a similar collaboration with a UK school on a larger electric car that they can fit in!"

Over in Darlington, teacher Mr. David Fraser and his group of 9 to 11-year-olds were thrilled at the prospect of working with children from another country.

Students from West Park Academy
The children from West Park Academy

"Before our first session, I showed the children a map of Uzbekistan and explained how the time zones worked," Mr. Fraser said. "Tashkent is four hours ahead of us."

"When they started hearing a different language, they were a little hesitant although still excited. However, towards the end, once they got used to the translation pauses, lots of questions were being asked."

"They adapted very quickly, and every session with the orphanage has become more engaging. The children have greatly benefited from the relationship. It's been a great learning experience."

The car involved in the project is called the Greenpower Goblin G2. It comes as a flat-pack kit including chassis, wheels, steering, disc brakes, a 24V electric motor, and two 12V batteries.

Students at West Park Academy working on the car
The children from West Park Academy building the car

"The project is all about inspiring young children to take an interest in engineering in a fun and innovative way," said Amit Kumar, who earlier this year received special recognition at the North-East England STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) Awards for his years of dedication to STEM Education.

"The build introduces children to basic mechanics and electronics and might be the first step on the pathway to a career in engineering or another STEM field.

Mr. Fraser said the children soon started discussing aspects of the car such as frames, brakes, and steering geometry. There was a lively question-and-answer session on different materials that could be used to design and make the car's body. Their last session was about controls and driving.

"There are also other general discussions, as the children are eager to learn more about each other's countries," said Amit, who leads the sessions.

Students at the Children's Home looking at the car drawing
The children from Children's Home 22 talking about a drawing while on a zoom call

Rudmash service engineer Mr. Abdullayev Shakhzod said the children were enjoying the experience of working in teams.

"It's a fantastic new chapter in the history of a place that has a storied past. It was established in 1942 during the Second World War to care for evacuees from all over Eastern Europe. Children of over 40 different nationalities have been cared for by this children's home.

"The home is named Antonina Pavlovna Khlebushkina after the woman who ran it in the early days. She would be so proud of what is happening there today.

"As the summer vacation times differ in the two countries, the West Park school children have already finished building their cars, while the Uzbekistan car is about 40% complete.

"When the children return from their summer camp in September, they will start the rear axle, motor, and electrical components. Then they can take it for a drive," Amit said.

"Just before their summer term ended, the West Park children conducted a demonstration for their new friends in Tashkent. They set up a track and showcased driving the car on it. It was a great success."

Mr. Akhmedov, speaking through a translator, mentioned that the management team at Rudmash was considering how the project could expand beyond the children's home and into schools and youth organizations throughout Uzbekistan.

Mr. Akhmedov praised Cummins for their support of the project. "They have shown great responsibility at every stage and been very proactive, always striving to ensure things are done right.

"This is just the beginning for these children. It's already motivating them to learn more and develop their skills in broader technical applications.

"I would say that this project is not only important for the children's home but also for our city of Tashkent and the Republic of Uzbekistan, as it is nurturing an educational culture that is highly valuable. I can't thank Amit and Cummins enough."

Amit expressed that it's a privilege to help Cummins inspire young people about engineering and science from an early age.

How is the United States investing in clean energy?

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Our planet is facing a dire crisis: carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere continue to soar above record highs. If gone unaddressed, the collective stress of climate change will produce an irreparable impact. Our health, energy, water, and food ecosystems are at risk. 

As it stands, there are many long-term effects of climate change. In North America, climate change is forecasted to cause decreasing snowpack in the western mountains. It will also lead to a 5–20% increase in yields of rain-fed agriculture and great intensity of heat waves. In fact, over the last five years, the United States has incurred roughly $120 billion a year in damages as a result of natural disasters caused by extreme weather and climate events.

Beyond natural catastrophes, climatic risks to the United States will have a cascading effect on the country's interconnected ecosystems. Reduced labor and overall economic productivity, and altered crop yields, will disproportionately harm lower-income and marginalized populations. These groups lack the resources to prepare or cope with extreme weather and climate events.

The world is investing in clean energy innovation

Combating the intensifying climate crisis requires a strategic combination of research and development (R&D), innovation, technology — and bold attempts.

Around the globe, countries are investing in clean energy to contribute to a livable planet now and for generations to come. In 2022, the US passed the Inflation Reduction Act, which includes a historic $370 billion investment to address the climate crisis. The Inflation Reduction Act provides tax credits and incentives to power homes, businesses, and communities with clean energy by 2030. The Act will increase investments in the fastest-growing power generation technologies, solar and wind. It will also advance cost-saving clean energy projects and protect two million acres of national forests. These initiatives are in addition to substantial tax credits and rebates offered to families and businesses in the United States.
Consequently, a stronger clean energy economy will contribute to overall economic growth and competition. As a result, there will be millions of new well-paying jobs for Americans to make clean energy.

It is possible to start decarbonizing now

Governmental policy strategies and investments in decarbonization technologies are part of the solution to produce increasingly cheap, dependable, and clean energy.

Strong communities and vibrant economies depend on a healthier planet. As a global power technology leader, Cummins is in a unique position to power customer success by leading during this energy transition. We intent to do so by providing customers with the right technology at the right time, understanding of their needs and applications.

We think of this journey to carbon neutrality in two distinct and complementary ways. First, by innovating zero-emission solutions and introducing them in markets and applications where the infrastructure, development and deployment are ready. Secondly, by advancing internal combustion engines through efficiency improvement and by running them on cleaner alternative fuels for a well-to-wheels solution.

Through Destination Zero, we are advancing low- and no-carbon platforms. This includes diesel and natural gas engines, hybrid, and electric platforms, as well as powertrain components, controls, and related technologies.

Join Cummins in powering a better tomorrow

Cummins environmental sustainability strategy includes goals timed for 2030. Progress toward the reduction of carbon emissions from company plants and facilities — in addition to our products — is in full swing. For more than one hundred years, we have brought technological solutions to market. As a power solutions leader, we will continue to power a more prosperous world for today and tomorrow. Are you ready to consider investing in new power solutions?

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Traci Kraus

Traci Kraus is a Director of Government Relations where she leads US federal advocacy for Cummins. She focuses on energy, climate, hydrogen, transportation and budget legislative and regulatory issues. 

Prior to joining Cummins, Traci worked for former U.S. Senator Russ Feingold.  She has a Master's in Public Administration from the George Washington University and B.A.s in Government and Politics and Communication from the University of Maryland in College Park. She is originally from Chicago, and now lives outside of Washington, D.C. with her husband, Aaron and two children Liam (8) and Sloane (5).

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